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Causes Teen Pregnancy
In the last decade, according to figures from National Statistics Institute (INE) the number of teenage mothers in Chile increased 2.4%. Of the 230,352 live births in 2004, 33,508 are children of mothers aged 15 and 19, and 906 of girls under 15, according to statistics from MINSAL. This figure increased to 38 thousand and 1,080 in 2006, respectively.
Although these numbers are low compared to neighboring countries in the region, are the highest among the countries best location on the scale of development.
Some factors that explain this situation, are important biological changes that cause women to have their first menstruation at age 12 and not 17 as two decades ago. In addition, adolescence, defined by World Health Organization (WHO) as the stage between 10 and 19 years old, represents a period of change, where there is a distancing from parental figures, an approach to couple and an interest in the opposite sex.
director of the Center for Reproductive Medicine and Development of the Adolescent ( CEMERA ) of Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile , Ramiro Molina, one of the causes of teenage pregnancy "has to do with the beginning early sexual intercourse, with no sexual education and that no confidential places where children can attend to prevent pregnancy. It is an extremely needy population group, sensitive and vulnerable. "
Other experts argue that this phenomenon is caused by the lack of effective preventive methods. However, the director of the Center for Reproductive Biology Research (CEBR) of the Catholic University of Chile , Marcela Aracena, argues that "most women who become pregnant in middle or low, they do not know contraceptive methods, but because the role of mother is an alternative realization, when they have high aspirations in the professional level.
A study conducted by this center indicates that 88.6% of students having sex contraceptives know. However, only 23.4% of them claim to use some method to prevent pregnancy. Another research conducted by professionals from the University of Chile, in 2004, teenagers would not request contraceptive "disgraceful", "not to have thought" and "fear."
Although these numbers are low compared to neighboring countries in the region, are the highest among the countries best location on the scale of development.
Some factors that explain this situation, are important biological changes that cause women to have their first menstruation at age 12 and not 17 as two decades ago. In addition, adolescence, defined by World Health Organization (WHO) as the stage between 10 and 19 years old, represents a period of change, where there is a distancing from parental figures, an approach to couple and an interest in the opposite sex.
director of the Center for Reproductive Medicine and Development of the Adolescent ( CEMERA ) of Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile , Ramiro Molina, one of the causes of teenage pregnancy "has to do with the beginning early sexual intercourse, with no sexual education and that no confidential places where children can attend to prevent pregnancy. It is an extremely needy population group, sensitive and vulnerable. "
Other experts argue that this phenomenon is caused by the lack of effective preventive methods. However, the director of the Center for Reproductive Biology Research (CEBR) of the Catholic University of Chile , Marcela Aracena, argues that "most women who become pregnant in middle or low, they do not know contraceptive methods, but because the role of mother is an alternative realization, when they have high aspirations in the professional level.
A study conducted by this center indicates that 88.6% of students having sex contraceptives know. However, only 23.4% of them claim to use some method to prevent pregnancy. Another research conducted by professionals from the University of Chile, in 2004, teenagers would not request contraceptive "disgraceful", "not to have thought" and "fear."
Sex education Are parents or the school?
The director of Integral Sexual Education Center , Ricardo Capponi psychiatrist, believes that the provision of information about sexuality should be in charge of schools, as there are a number of factors that make this uneasy dialogue between parents and adolescents.
parents consider that their responsibility for "the delivery of securities and maintaining a communication that allows children to go to them when they are conflicted or have to take a complex decision, but need not be experts in sex education. Pilar Vigil gynecologist agrees that teachers have a role in promoting dialogue between father and son creating instances involving everyone.
Teenagers seem to think alike. A national survey of sexual education in October 2004 prepared by the Ministry of Education Says that 58% of youth believe that the head teacher is the best person to provide sexual education at school. However, over 78% of teachers and parents believe that sex education is a function of the family must be supported by the school. The survey also showed that the interlocutor in the family is the mother (81.6%).
In contrast, a study conducted in April and May 2006 by the Institute of Educational Evaluation and Assessment (IDEA ) to eighth-graders and second half of the metropolitan area, says that 58% believe that issues of sexuality "never" or "only sometimes" are clearly explained in their schools and 78% recognize that teachers do not talk about contraception or do so rarely.
These results are consistent with studies in the past two years, where young people indicate that neither the schools nor their parents teach them what they consider most relevant in terms of sexuality. In this context, the regulation of fertility and the public interest in these issues seem to be a good start.
parents consider that their responsibility for "the delivery of securities and maintaining a communication that allows children to go to them when they are conflicted or have to take a complex decision, but need not be experts in sex education. Pilar Vigil gynecologist agrees that teachers have a role in promoting dialogue between father and son creating instances involving everyone.
Teenagers seem to think alike. A national survey of sexual education in October 2004 prepared by the Ministry of Education Says that 58% of youth believe that the head teacher is the best person to provide sexual education at school. However, over 78% of teachers and parents believe that sex education is a function of the family must be supported by the school. The survey also showed that the interlocutor in the family is the mother (81.6%).
In contrast, a study conducted in April and May 2006 by the Institute of Educational Evaluation and Assessment (IDEA ) to eighth-graders and second half of the metropolitan area, says that 58% believe that issues of sexuality "never" or "only sometimes" are clearly explained in their schools and 78% recognize that teachers do not talk about contraception or do so rarely.
These results are consistent with studies in the past two years, where young people indicate that neither the schools nor their parents teach them what they consider most relevant in terms of sexuality. In this context, the regulation of fertility and the public interest in these issues seem to be a good start.
contraception and sex education
theme of contraception in adolescence is full of controversies, for example, fear the development of promiscuous sexual behavior.
Despite fierce opposition from various sectors of these recent measures, the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Cecilia Sepúlveda, argues that the available scientific evidence does not support any of these questions.
"In countries which have implemented these measures, along with others such as education, was stopped early onset of sexual intercourse has lowered teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases." According to an article
of the Journal of the Chilean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology Children and Adolescents ( Sogi ), studies show that sex education and availability of access to family planning clinics increases sexual activity and early initiation of sexually active. On the contrary, it is argued that companies address the issue of youth sexual health in a frank, open and support experienced fewer negative consequences of sexual activity.
A study developed in 2005 by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC ) states that "it is necessary adolescents approach to counseling, specialized support and distribution of contraceptives and education for regular and proper use. " Poverty breeds poverty
One of the main characteristics of pregnant adolescents is their poverty. According to a study developed in 2005 by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC ), poor adolescents are more likely to become mothers before age 20 than those of higher socioeconomic groups. In addition, "before age 20, half of young poor people in the field in Chile and has had her first child. "
20.6% of unwanted pregnancies under 19 belong to the poorest quintile in Chile, while in the richest quintile, the figure is only 2.7%, according to statistics from Ministry of Health ( Ministry).
As a result of early childbearing, the majority of poor adolescents are outside the school system, which perpetuates the cycle of poverty. "Every day in Chile increased the number of teenage mothers who, in their capacity as such, are forced to leave their education because they lack networks support to care for their children and they must take intensive work for your own home, "says national coordinator of the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC ) of the International Labour Organization (ILO ) Maria Jesus Silva.
Also shown by a study of Center for Public Policy Analysis (CAPP), University of Chile, in 1998 indicating that 20% of adolescents between 15 and 17 years not attending an educational institution for reasons linked to motherhood.
This results in a number of social risks of family breakdown in which so many of the children of teenage mothers. economist Center for Public Studies (CEP), Juan Pablo Valenzuela, who has studied the issue, exemplifies this situation through a study of the National Youth Service (SENAME), which found that of 400 young incarcerated, 64% was the son of teenage mothers.
addition, research shows that 60% of them get pregnant again within two years. According to figures National Statistics (INE) in 2002, 1.1% of children born to mothers under 15 years accounted for the second birth for these adolescents. When it comes to mothers between 15 and 19 years, 10.8% of those children were second children. Xxx
